the upper side is considered the eastern portion , while the lower side is considered the western portion . 上側が東側、下側が西側。
the upper side is considered the northern portion , while the lower side is considered the southern portion . 上側が北側、下側が南側。
during this period , the bow and arrow were improved for strength and a long bow with a grip on the lower side , was devised . この時弓矢により強い威力を求めた改良がなされ、長尺、弓幹下側を握る弓となる。
kirizuma-zukuri , one of the roof styles , indicates the style of roof with two surfaces inclining from the ridge at the top , or having the shape of a book placed with its face on the lower side . 切妻造（きりづまづくり）とは屋根形状のひとつで屋根の最頂部の棟から地上に向かって二つの傾斜面が本を伏せたような山形の形状をした屋根。
the shape of bows varied widely depending on ships and todate style of ise ships , miyoshi style of bensai ships and the blending style of futanari ships , whose upper side was box style and lower side was miyoshi style , were seen . 船首形状は多様で、伊勢船の戸立（とだて）造り、弁才船の水押（みよし）造り、上部を箱造り下部を水押造りとする二形（ふたなり）船の折衷形式がある。
